OWASP Top 10 explained with real examples.

The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Top 10 represents the broad consensus on the most critical security risks facing web applications. In modern single-page applications and microservices, the distribution of these flaws has changed drastically.

Broken Access Control: Still #1

Over 94% of modern web applications tested by Vulnetra exhibit some form of broken access control. Unlike SQL injection where ORMs provide default safety, access control must be explicitly designed and enforced across every route.

// VULNERABLE: Direct parameter trust without tenant context
app.get('/api/invoices/:id', async (req, res) => {
  const invoice = await db.invoices.findById(req.params.id);
  res.json(invoice);
});

// SECURE: Enforce organization scope at database level
app.get('/api/invoices/:id', authMiddleware, async (req, res) => {
  const invoice = await db.invoices.findOne({
    where: { id: req.params.id, orgId: req.user.orgId }
  });
  if (!invoice) return res.status(404).json({ error: 'Not found' });
  res.json(invoice);
});

Key Flaws in Modern Web Stacks